Little is yet known about the internal processes that give rise to these geophysical disturbances, nor are the relations connecting them fully understood. Formerly earthquakes were believed to be caused by volcanic activity, but it is now recognised that volcanic earthquakes are restricted to small shocks in the immediate vicinity of the volcanism. In New Zealand, tremors of this kind are experienced in the zone of active volcanism that extends from Mount Ruapehu to White Island.
In some places geological faulting at the surface gives visible evidence that a major earth movement has occurred.
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Occasionally movement on a fault has been observed to occur simultaneously with an earthquake in the same vicinity. New Zealand provided one of the earliest examples of this to become generally known, when movement took place on the Wairarapa Fault at the time of the great Wellington earthquake of Such events as this have led to the idea that earthquakes in general are caused by fault movements.
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It is noteworthy, however, that there seems to be little earthquake activity along much of the Alpine Fault, which has been traced for km from Milford Sound to Lake Rotoiti and is classed by geologists as one of the largest and most active faults in the world. The nature of the connection between earthquakes and faulting is still somewhat obscure. The great majority of the world's earthquakes occur at depths of less than 60 km, and in many earthquake zones there are no shocks at any greater depth.
A moderate number of New Zealand earthquakes are classed as intermediate in depth, i.
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The two deepest New Zealand earthquakes recorded so far occurred four and a half minutes apart on 23 March , with a common focus km deep under North Taranaki, about km shallower than the deepest earthquake known. It is difficult to compare the degree of earthquake activity in New Zealand with that in other regions because of the many differences that arise in earthquake type and mode of occurrence. New Zealand and California are often regarded as roughly similar, with an activity very much less than, for example, Japan or Chile.
Regional Distribution —There are two separate regions of earthquake activity in New Zealand. It thus includes the northern half of the South Island, and all the North Island apart from the North Auckland peninsula; but the area from Kaipara Harbour to the lower Waikato River should be excluded.
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Earthquakes have only occasionally been located in the parts of New Zealand lying outside these two regions. Within the active regions the occurrence of shallow earthquakes is widely scattered.
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There has been a tendency, however, for the larger shallow earthquakes to lie towards the Pacific side of the northern active region and towards the Tasman side of the southern active region. Earthquakes with deeper foci are mostly confined to a narrow belt in the northern region, extending from the Bay of Plenty south-westwards to Tasman Bay. The historical record is too brief to support a quantitative assessment of the frequency with which one might expect earthquakes to be felt at a given intensity in various parts of New Zealand.
Considering the distances at which major earthquakes can be effective, in relation to the size of New Zealand, it would be imprudent to regard any part of the country as permanently exempt from the possibility of earthquake damage. Outside the active regions there are many areas, however, where no damaging intensity has actually been experienced in historical times.
Moreover, since the major shallow earthquakes on record have been rather widely distributed within the active regions, there appears to be no particular area of markedly intense seismicity. The Hawke's Bay earthquake of 3 February resulted directly or indirectly in deaths.
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The total of deaths that have been recorded as due to other earthquakes since is 32, of which three resulted from the Inangahua earthquake of The installations at the following stations include instruments for recording distant earthquakes: Afiamalu, Rarotonga, Wellington, Roxburgh, and Scott Base. At the Pacific and Antarctic stations preliminary readings are made locally and notified by radiogram. The analysis of records from all stations is carried out at the Observatory in Wellington.
A set of portable recorders is available for detailed studies of earthquakes in particular regions, and for investigations of aftershock sequences and earthquake swarms. The analysis involves using observations from stations in other countries as well as those from the local network, and the Observatory likewise contributes data to the international seismological agencies about distant earthquakes as well as large local ones.
Details of tremors felt in New Zealand are supplied to the public and the press. Earthquake data are used by the Observatory for studying the fundamental characteristics of the earth's crust in New Zealand, Antarctica, and the neighbouring oceanic regions, and also for contributing to geophysical knowledge of the earth's interior. Earthquakes during —Earthquake activity was comparatively quiet in New Zealand during The largest shock recorded was that of 24 March , which had a magnitude of 5. This earthquake was centred off the Fiordland coast near Doubtful Sound, and was felt throughout Fiordland and Southland, but no damage was reported.
The earthquake that attracted most attention in the course of the year occurred near Te Aroha on 9 January, and was felt as far afield as Auckland, Mangakino and Whakatane.
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The magnitude of this shock was only moderate 5. The earthquake was followed by numerous aftershocks, and by the end of January, 16 had been recorded with magnitudes of 3. Further activity occurred on 20 and 21 June. The largest of these later shocks had a magnitude of 4. Several shallow shocks were felt widely in the central parts of the country, and caused minor damage.
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The first, on 14 March, had a magnitude of 5. A shock of magnitude 5. On 21 December a further shock of magnitude 5. This shock was felt throughout the southern part of the North Island. Three deep earthquakes were also felt extensively in the central and southern parts of the North Island.
These shocks occurred on 1 May at a depth of kilometres near Palmerston North, on 12 October about kilometres beneath the Ohakune region, and on 10 December at a depth of kilometres beneath northern Taranaki. All these earthquakes had magnitudes of about 5. A shallow earthquake in an area of less common activity occurred near Sheffield, 40 kilometres west of Christchurch, on 29 February. It had a magnitude of 4. A series of shallow earthquakes occurred about 10 kilometres south of Rotorua on 4 and 5 April. The three largest occurred within an interval of 40 minutes and had magnitudes ranging from 4.
The earthquakes were felt in the Rotorua region, but caused no damage, and were not accompanied by any apparent volcanic or geothermal manifestations. By arrangement with the administrations concerned the Service performs similar functions for British territories in the Pacific. Weather reports for use in forecasting are made at about places within New Zealand and 50 in the Pacific islands and collected by telegraph and radio, along with measurements of winds at upper levels made at 9 radio wind stations, and of temperatures made at 8 radiosonde stations. Daily observations are made for climatological purposes at about places in New Zealand and 80 in the islands.
Rainfall measurements are made at a total of about 2, places within New Zealand and outside the country. The weather pattern from day to day is dominated by a succession of anticyclones, separated by troughs of low pressure, which pass more or less regularly from west to east across the Australia-Tasman Sea - New Zealand area and beyond. In this region there is no semi-permanent anticyclone such as those found in similar latitudes over the Indian Ocean and eastern Pacific Ocean respectively.
The troughs normally have a north-west to south-east orientation and are associated with deep depressions centred far to the south. A typical weather sequence commences with a low-pressure trough approaching from the west. Freshening north-westerly winds prevail with increasing cloud, followed by rain for a period during which winds may reach gale force.
The passage of the trough, with its associated cold front, is accompanied by a change to cold south-westerly or southerly winds and showery weather, occasionally with some hail and thunder. Barometers then rise with the approach of the next anticyclone from the west. Winds moderate and fair weather prevails for a few days as the anticyclone moves across the country. While the sequence just described is very common the situation is frequently much more complex. The troughs are very unstable systems where depressions readily form, some of which develop into vigorous storms that may pass over New Zealand at any time of the year.
Occasionally in summer a cyclonic storm of tropical origin passes over or near New Zealand accompanied by gales and heavy rain affecting mainly northern and eastern districts of the North Island. The anticyclones vary in size, intensity, and rate of movement. Their centres, on the average, follow a track across the North Island but individual centres may pass either north or south of the country, the more northerly tracks being favoured in spring and the southerly tracks in autumn.
At times when little development occurs within the troughs the anticyclones follow each other at intervals of about 6—7 days. The other main factors which influence the climate of New Zealand are first, its position in the midst of a vast ocean, and second, the shape and topography of the country itself. Hot air masses from the interior of Australia in summer or freezing air masses from the Antarctic, which occasionally reach New Zealand, retain little of their original character after their long ocean passage.
Thus, there is an absence of extreme variations of temperature. On the other hand, since abundant supplies of moisture are supplied by evaporation from the ocean, and depressions are frequent and vigorous, the average precipitation is high. The chain of high mountains, which extends from south-west to north-east through the length of the country, rises as a formidable barrier in the path of the prevailing westerly winds.