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However, from the beginning of the twentieth century the Maori population has been rapidly increasing, and now forms 9 percent of the New Zealand population. Discovery by Europeans.
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Tasman had left Batavia on 14 August , and after having discovered Tasmania, he steered eastward and sighted the west coast of the South Island, described by him as a high mountainous country. Sailing north he came into conflict with the Maoris at Golden Bay, on the north coast of the South Island, so that, though he continued his northward journey until he reached the northern tip of the country, he did not again attempt to land. On his first voyage Cook spent 6 months exploring the New Zealand coastline, and he completely circumnavigated the North and South Islands.
Not only was Cook's ability shown by his cartographical accuracy, but also in his peaceful dealings with the Maoris. He returned to New Zealand again in , , and in His careful observations made New Zealand known to the western world; the accounts of his voyages were translated into a dozen languages. First European settlements. Whaling stations sprang up along the New Zealand coast from onwards and a trade with New South Wales began not only in whale oil and seal skins, but also in flax and timber.
In Samuel Marsden, chaplain to the Governor of New South Wales, was responsible for the establishment of the first mission station in the Bay of Islands. The growing white population in the Bay of Islands, and the lawlessness of crews of visiting ships led to the appointment by the British Government of James Busby as British Resident at Waitangi in Among other things, Hobson suggested a treaty with the Maori chiefs and the placing of British subjects under British law.
By numerous mission stations had spread through the northern half of the North Island. Conversion of Maori tribes to Christianity was accompanied by the introduction of new crops and methods of cultivation and the pacification of warring tribes. Early constitutional developments. His instructions from the British Government required him to take possession of the country with the consent of the Maori chiefs.
Hobson read his commission at Kororareka on 30 January and on 6 February 46 chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, a compact whereby all rights and powers of sovereignty were ceded to the Queen, all territorial rights were secured to the chiefs and their tribes with the Crown having the sole right of purchase and in return the Queen extended her protection and all the rights and privileges of British subjects. Other chiefs throughout both islands later adhered to this Treaty. The history of the present constitution dates back to the declaration of British sovereignty in The constitution is wholly Anglo-Saxon in its origin and takes no account of Maori custom and usage.
Since its signing the Treaty has remained a contentious issue. Maori grievances focus on the following points: the full implications of the Treaty were not explained at the time; the Maori translation of the Treaty was in parts misleading; and its promises have not been honoured. The capital was at first transferred from Russell to Auckland, but in it was again transferred, on this occasion to Wellington, where the seat of Government has since remained.
From until the grant of responsible government in the colony was subject to rule by the Governor. During Governor Grey's term, steps were taken to draft a constitution for the colony. An Act granting representative institutions was passed by the Imperial Parliament on 30 June , and was published in New Zealand by Proclamation on 17 January Under it, provision was made for the constitution of a General Assembly consisting of a Legislative Council and a House of Representatives. Provision was also made for the division of the country into provinces, each province having an elected Council and Superintendent.
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The system of government was unitary however—the General Assembly could legislate in areas in which the provinces had jurisdiction and could amend or annul provincial ordinances. The provincial system was abolished in and the Legislative Council in The Act constituted the governor as part of the General Assembly with the power to summon, prorogue, and dissolve it and to assent or refuse the assent to legislation passed by it.
But the actual form of the executive government was omitted from the Act and left to the will of the governors and the Colonial Office. In the first General Assembly of 27 August certain members of this body were associated with the permanent members of the executive but they did not hold any portfolios. It was not until 7 May that responsible government was actually established. One aspect, that of Native Affairs, was withheld from the responsible Ministers, and the Governor, as representative of the Crown, continued to act independently of his elected advisers in this sphere. In Grey attempted unsuccessfully to hand over this responsibility but the Ministers were unwilling to assume responsibility for the cost of the growing hostilities between Pakeha and Maori.
The appointment and tenure of the judges, and matters normally contained in a constitutional document were left in to be decided by ordinary legislation. The first body of European immigrants to reach New Zealand under a definite scheme of colonisation arrived at Port Nicholson, Wellington, on 22 January to found the initial settlement of the New Zealand Company. The colonists were in the main resourceful people seeking a better future than was offering in nineteenth century industrial England.
Founder of the company, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, aware of the intention of the British Government to annex New Zealand, had earlier in dispatched his agents in order to purchase large areas of land from the Maoris before the Crown could assume a monopoly of land purchase.
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Wakefield's scheme of colonisation was based on the sale of land to investors for development by labouring class immigrants. With the profit from land sales the company could bring out more immigrants. Wakefield aimed at a balance between landowners and labourers; in effect he aimed to transplant a cross-section of English society. But, ignorant of the system of tribal ownership of Maori land, the company had bought land from individual Maoris; then Hobson provided that all European land titles should derive from the Crown which would be the only purchaser of land from the Maoris.
Title to land remained a difficulty for some years and was a cause of distress to the colonists and, combined with a considerable degree of absentee ownership and land speculation, made most precarious the existence of the early company settlements of Wellington, Wanganui, New Plymouth, and Nelson. The company had brought nearly 10 persons to New Zealand by The later settlements of Otago, in , and Canterbury, in , organised under the aegis of the New Zealand Company in co-operation with the Free Church of Scotland and the Church of England respectively, achieved a much greater measure of success owing to the absence of any large Maori population and to satisfactory land purchase arrangements.
The non-Maori population in the main settlements in totalled in Wellington, in Auckland, in Nelson, in New Plymouth, in Russell, in Hokianga, and in Akaroa. By the non-Maori population had reached as against 55 Maoris and by it had jumped to with people from Australia joining in the gold rush to Otago.
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Migration then dropped away until when there was a high inflow for several years from Britain under the Vogel policy of assisted immigration and public works development. War over land. In warfare broke out between the races in the far north and in in the southern North Island. The Colonial Office appointed Captain George Grey as Governor and provided him with adequate funds and troops so that he soon restored order and won not only the confidence of the Maoris but also for a time that of the settlers.
Grey, through his chief land purchase officer, Donald McLean, endeavoured to buy up land in advance of the settlers' needs in order to prevent conflict between settlers and Maoris. By the Census of Population revealed that the settlers outnumbered the Maoris who, fearful that they were being swamped by the settlers, became increasingly reluctant to sell their land. At the same time the intensified settler pressure for more land led McLean to negotiate only with those Maoris still favourably disposed to land sales.
This practice alarmed the other Maoris and finally war broke out in over a land dispute at Waitara in Taranaki where settler demand for land was strongest. The return of Grey as Governor did not solve the problem for, as an autocrat, he could not work with elected ministers nor could he regain the confidence of the Maoris, and finally he quarrelled with the commander of the Imperial troops. Widespread confiscation of Maori land by the settlers' government in order to pay the cost of the war included land belonging to friendly as well as hostile Maoris and aroused further resentment.
The war had died down by and during the term of Donald McLean as Native Minister some measure of reconciliation began. However, although a substantial portion of the confiscated land was subsequently purchased or returned, land transactions remained a source of bitterness and potential hostility between Maori and settler.
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Public works and farm development. The absence of hostilities and the discovery of gold had allowed the South Island to obtain a lead in commercial and political development which it long maintained. Moreover, with the subsequent agrarian expansion especially in the development of the large pastoral holdings, the country ceased to be merely self-sufficient agriculturally and began to develop a substantial export trade, mainly in wool. By the gold boom had ended in the South Island. To remedy the situation of economic stagnation, Sir Julius Vogel began a policy of extensive borrowing for railway and road construction and for immigrant labour.
The results of this policy were to double the population to by , to immensely improve transport and communications, and to encourage industry in the towns where most of the immigrants had congregated. With the introduction of refrigeration in and steam navigation in the late nineteenth century, the development of exports of frozen meat and dairy products assured the dominance of the United Kingdom in New Zealand's external trade.
These developments, with a continued substantial investment of British capital, particularly in farming and food processing industries, established the degree of specialisation to meet the needs of the British markets, which shaped the entire New Zealand economy during its first years. The depression of the s, a consequence of a fall in world price levels, resulted in unemployment and substantial emigration, but export prices recovered in the nineties.
From onwards the natural increase of births over deaths exceeded the net inflow from migration. In John Ballance, as leader of the Liberal Party, became Premier to be followed on his death in by Richard John Seddon, who remained premier until his death in June The Government pursued a vigorous legislative programme in which the main emphasis was on social justice. These farmers, having benefited by the spread of prosperity, were in mainly responsible together with the city businessmen for the overthrow of the Liberal regime.
The new Reform Government under William Massey introduced measures to strengthen the primary producer, of which the extension of rural credit was typical. Three years after the advent of the Reform Party, the First World War broke out, leading to a Coalition Government and an Imperial Commandeer of exports which created the precedent for the establishment after the war of central boards to regulate the exports of pastoral products. War activities were marked by heavy casualties in proportion to the population while the landing at Gallipoli signified the growing awareness of a sense of nationhood.
Though the effects of the post-war depression during the period showed themselves in an increase in unemployment and slight wage reduction, no drastic legislation was necessary to stabilise economic conditions. During the following years the price level rose; and on the administrative side, the period was characterised by extensive public works expenditure, with particular attention to hydroelectric schemes and highways. Land values rose steeply, accelerated by Government efforts to settle returned servicemen on the land, and between and , 40 percent of the occupied land had changed hands.
New Zealand was extremely vulnerable to the overseas price fluctuations of pastoral products. With the advent of the depression by , farmers, despite greatly increased production, were faced with a serious decline in income over 40 percent together with heavy mortgage commitments on land bought at high prices so that many were faced with foreclosure. In the towns, tradesmen and shopkeepers faced bankruptcy, and wage earners unemployment or reduction in wages. A Coalition Government was formed in to meet the crisis.
Partly as a result of measures taken by this government and partly as a result of a rise in overseas price levels a general economic revival was taking place by The election of a Labour Government, under the leadership of Michael Savage, in led to change in administrative policy and a renewed emphasis on social justice.
The first sheep stations in the s were stocked with Merinos from Australia. During the s and s several English breeds of sheep were imported, notably Southdowns, Leicesters, Lincolns, and Romneys. In there were sheep in the country; by there were 9 Until , the year of the successful introduction of cargo refrigeration when mutton and lamb exports were sent to London, the Merino and its crosses were predominant, because the only sheep products of any importance for export were wool and a little tallow, obtained by boiling down carcasses.
Then the Merino was superseded in the North Island by breeds more suited to the climate and conditions. Today the flock sheep of the North Island are nearly all predominantly of Romney blood. In the South Island, Merino blood in varying degree continued to play an important part in the flock structure but Merino crosses are now restricted to the foothills of the Southern Alps, while Corriedales are more profitable in the better hill country, and crossbreeds and long-woolled British breeds at lower levels.
In there were cattle in New Zealand and by the number had reached 1 Cattle raising and fattening are usually associated with hill-country sheep farming and fat-lamb farming respectively, and beef stock are grazed chiefly in the North Island. The growth of dairy herds was related to the availability of refrigeration for the export of butter from , and the development of butter and cheese factories.
There were dairy cows by , of them in the North Island and in the South Island. Now the North Island has more than 12 times as many dairy cows as the South Island. War and post-war.