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Violence over land ownership broke out first in the Wairau Valley in the South Island in June , but rising tensions in Taranaki eventually led to the involvement of British military forces at Waitara in March All pre-treaty colonial land-sale deals had taken place directly between two parties.

The British and the French had established mission stations , and missionaries had received land from iwi for houses, schools, churches, and farms. Traders, Sydney businessmen and the New Zealand Company had bought large tracts of land before ,. The various conflicts of the New Zealand wars span a considerable period, and the causes and outcomes differ widely.

Several Europeans were slain after being captured. In early , the new Governor , Robert FitzRoy , investigated the incident and declared the settlers were at fault. In George Grey arrived in New Zealand to take up his appointment as governor. The flagstaff had previously flown the colours of United Tribes of New Zealand but now carried the Union Jack and therefore symbolised the grievances of Heke and his ally Te Ruki Kawiti , as to changes that had followed the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi.

There were many causes of the Flagstaff War and Heke had a number of grievances in relation to the Treaty of Waitangi. While land acquisition by the Church Missionary Society CMS had been controversial, the rebellion led by Heke was directed against the colonial forces with the CMS missionaries trying to persuade Heke to end the fighting. Grey, armed with the financial support and far more troops armed with pounder cannons that had been denied to FitzRoy, attacked and occupied Kawiti 's fortress at Ruapekapeka , forcing Kawiti to retreat. After the Battle of Ruapekapeka, Heke and Kawiti were ready for peace.

The Hutt Valley campaign of came as a sequel to the Wairau Affray. The causes were similar—dubious land purchases by the New Zealand Company and the desire of the settlers to move on to land before disputes over titles were resolved—and the two conflicts shared many of the same protagonists. The bloodshed heightened settlers' fears in nearby Wanganui, which was given a strong military force to guard against attack. A peace settlement was reached in early Governor Browne accepted the purchase with full knowledge of the circumstances and tried to occupy the land, anticipating it would lead to armed conflict, and a demonstration of the substantive sovereignty the British believed they had gained in the Treaty of Waitangi.

Hostilities began on 17 March Though there were claims by the British that they had won the war, there were widely held views at the time they had suffered an unfavourable and humiliating result. Historians have also been divided on the result. Preparations were suspended in December when he was replaced by Sir George Grey , but Grey revived plans for an invasion in June A long series of bush raids on his supply lines forced Cameron to build an extensive network of forts and redoubts through the area.

In a continual buildup of force, Cameron eventually had 14, British and colonial soldiers at his disposal as well as steamers and armoured vessels for use on the Waikato River. Historian Brian Dalton noted: "The aim was no longer to conquer territory, but to inflict the utmost 'punishment' on the enemy; inevitably there was a great deal of brutality, much burning of undefended villages and indiscriminate looting, in which loyal Maoris often suffered. Kimble Bent , who lived as a slave with Titokowaru's hapu after deserting from the 57th Regiment, told Cowan 50 years later the chief had lost his mana tapu , or sacred power, after committing adultery with the wife of another chief.

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Wounded three times in battle, he gained a reputation for being immune to death and uttered prophecies that had the appearance of being fulfilled. He was formally pardoned by the government in February and died in It condemned the "illegal imprisonment" on the Chatham Islands of a quarter of the East Coast region's adult male population and said the loss in war of an estimated 43 percent of the male population, many through acts of "lawless brutality", was a stain on New Zealand's history and character.

In just 1, Imperial troops, from two under-strength British regiments, were in New Zealand. Although both were scheduled to depart at the end of the year, Browne succeeded in retaining one of them for use in New Plymouth, where settlers feared the spread of intertribal violence. In mid-April the arrival of three warships and about soldiers from Australia marked the beginning of the escalation of imperial troop numbers. The buildup increased rapidly under Grey's term as governor: when the second round of hostilities broke out in Taranaki in May he applied to the Secretary of State in London for the immediate dispatch of three more regiments and also wrote to the Australian governors asking for whatever British troops that could be made available.

The Colonial Defence Force, a cavalry unit of about men, was formed by Colonel Marmaduke Nixon in May [46] and served in Waikato [47] and militia forces were also used throughout the New Zealand wars. A special man bush-scouring corps, the Forest Rangers, composed of local farmers who were familiar with the bush, had proven guerrilla techniques and were capable of "roughing it", was formed in August ; the Forest Rangers split into two separate companies in November, with the second led by Gustavus von Tempsky and both served in Waikato and Taranaki.

In November Premier Frederick Weld introduced a policy of "self-reliance" for New Zealand, which included the gradual but complete withdrawal of Imperial troops, who would be replaced by a colonial force of 1, The move came at a time of rising conflict between Grey, who sought more extensive military operations to "pacify" the west coast of the North Island between Taranaki and Wanganui, and Cameron, who regarded such a campaign as unnecessary, impractical and contrary to Imperial policy.

Invasion of the Waikato. Titokowaru's War.

Wanganui Campaign ,. East Cape War , Titokowaru's War. About 15 of the 26 major North Island tribal groups sent contingents to join the Waikato campaign, although sometimes they represented a single hapu , or clan, within the tribe. Continual presence on battlefields remained difficult for most, however, because of the constant need for tribal labour in their home community, so there was a constant turnover of small tribal groups. Campaigners on both sides of the New Zealand wars had developed distinctive war strategies and tactics.

The British set out to fight a European-style war, based on engaging with the opposing forces, besieging and then capturing fortified positions. The British Army were professional soldiers who had experience fighting in various parts of the Empire, many from India and Afghanistan , and were led by officers who were themselves trained by men who had fought at Waterloo. They were built with a view to defence, but primarily they were built to safely store food.

A strong, wooden palisade was fronted with woven flax leaves Phormium tenax whose tough, stringy foliage absorbed much of the force of the ammunition. Sometimes there were gaps in the palisade, which led to killing traps. There were trenches and rifle pits to protect the occupants and, later, very effective artillery shelters.

They were cheap and easily built—the L-Pa at Waitara was constructed by 80 men overnight—and they were completely expendable. The main weapon used by the British forces in the s was the Pattern Enfield. Properly described as a rifled musket, it was loaded down the barrel like a conventional musket but the barrel was rifled.

New Zealand Wars

The rifle was 1. This rifle was also commonly used in the American Civil War by both sides. This was the favoured weapon of the New Zealand Forest Rangers because of its shortness, its lightness, and its ability to be reloaded while the marksman lay down—unlike the Enfield, which required the soldier to stand to load the powder—and could be loaded on the run. Revolvers were mainly used by officers but were a general issue for the Forest Rangers.

The most common revolver appears to have been the five-shot Beaumont—Adams. Other revolvers in use were the Colt Navy. The Colt was favoured by the Forest Rangers because it was light and accurate being a single-action revolver. Von Tempsky's second company of the Forest Rangers also used the Bowie knife.

In the immediate aftermath of the wars in Taranaki, and land confiscations, a new town Parihaka was founded by Te Whiti o Rongomai , [70] based on principles of non-violent resistance. Parihaka's population grew to over 2, before the government sent the constabulary to arrest Te Whiti and his supporters on 5 November The legacy of the New Zealand Wars continues, but these days the battles are mostly fought in courtrooms and around the negotiation table. A number of fictionalised accounts of the New Zealand Wars have been adapted for film and literature:.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the Northern War, see Flagstaff War. Date — Location New Zealand. RP website. Takiura is the show that delves into impact of the changing times on tikanga. In this episode, we explore the menstrual cycle.

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Facing a variety of predators is the first hurdle they must overcome. G Drew Pritchard gets stranded in Somerset following a late cancellation, and the owner of Tissington Hall in Derbyshire organises a large-scale house clearance. The main target is giant dogtooth tuna. Nick and Craig travel there to visit Lago Strobel, a. Jurassic Lake. The Waikato river provides the bait and the snapper are on the bite. G Your place to take it easy and relax on FM, at thebreeze.

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