Wild pigeons, ducks, and mutton-birds are plentiful. The largest island contains about , acres, of which an irregular-shaped lake or lagoon absorbs 45, acres. About one quarter of the surface of the land is covered with forest, the rest with fern or grass. The hills nowhere rise to a great height.
Pitt Island is the next in size; the area is 15, acres.
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The greater portion of both islands is used for grazing sheep. The principal island, Sunday, is miles distant from Auckland. The islands are volcanic, and in two of them signs of activity are still to be seen. The rainfall is plentiful, but not excessive. The climate is mild and equable, and slightly warmer than the north of New Zealand. Sunday Island is twenty miles in circumference, roughly triangular in shape, and at the highest point 1,ft.
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It is rugged and broken over a very large extent of its surface, and, except in a few places, covered with forest. The soil everywhere on the island is very rich, being formed by the decomposition of a dark-coloured pumiceous tuff and a black andesitic lava, with which is closely mixed a fine vegetable mould. The great luxuriance and richness of the vegetation bear witness to the excellence of the soil, which is everywhere—except where destroyed by eruptions, and on the steep cliffs—the same rich loam.
Want of water is one of the drawbacks. Three of the four lakes on the island are fresh, but so difficult of approach as to be practically useless. They have several good harbours. Port Ross, at the north end of the principal island, was described by the eminent French commander, D'Urville, as one of the best harbours of refuge in the known world. At the southern end of the island there is a through passage extending from the east to the west coast.
It has been variously named Adams' Strait and Carnley Harbour, and forms a splendid sheet of water. The largest of the islands is about 27 miles long by about 15 miles broad, and is very mountainous, the highest part being about 2,ft. The west coast is bold and precipitous, but the east coast has several inlets.
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The wood on the island is, owing to the strong prevailing wind, scrubby in character. It has abundant streams, considerable tracts of sloping land, and rich alluvial valleys. The two harbours are poor. The productions, which are numerous and cheap, are obtained by assiduous labour. It is a mere bank of coral, 10 ft. A ITUTAKI Cook Group presents a most fruitful appearance, its shores being bordered by flat land, on which are innumerable cocoa-nut and other trees, the higher ground being beautifully interspersed with lawns. It is eighteen miles in circuit. NIUE , or Savage Island, lying east of the Friendly Islands, is a coral island, thirty-six miles in circumference, rising to a height of ft.
It has the usual tropical productions. It has no harbour. The soil is fairly fertile, and there is some good hard wood timber. It is one of the most famous pearl islands in the Pacific, and there is a splendid harbour, a lagoon with two entrances, fit for ships of any size. The interior lagoon contains a vast deposit of pearl-shell.
Next to the 10th parallel, but rather north of the latitude of the Navigators, and east of them are a number of small atolls. Of these, the nearest to the Samoan Group—about miles—is Danger Island, bearing north-west of Suwarrow about miles.
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Tomano-trees a timber resembling mahogany, are plentiful, specimens having been seen 20 ft. There are several other valuable hardwoods. It lies about miles east of Apia, the capital of the Samoan Group. It is a coral atoll, of a triangular form, fifty miles in circumference, the reef having an average width of half a mile across, enclosing a land-locked lagoon twelve miles by eight. The entrance is half a mile wide, and there is accommodation for all the ships in the Pacific to ride in safety in all weathers, with depths of from three to thirty fathoms.
It is out of the track of hurricanes, uninhabited, but capable by its fertility of supporting a small population. As a depot for the collection of trade from the various islands it ought to be very valuable. British sovereignty was proclaimed over New Zealand in January, , and the country became a dependency of New South Wales until the 3rd May, , when it was made a separate colony. The successors of these gentlemen, appointed in August, , May, , and January, , respectively, continued in office until the establishment of Responsible Government on the 7th May, Only one of them—Mr.
Swainson, the Attorney-General—sat as a member of the first General Assembly, opened on the 27th May During the session of that year there were associated with the permanent members of the Executive Council certain members of the General Assembly. These latter held no portfolios. The Government of the colony was at first vested in the Governor, who was responsible only to the Crown; but in an Act granting representative institutions to the colony was passed by the Imperial Legislature.
Under it the constitution of a General Assembly for the whole colony was provided for, to consist of a Legislative Council, the members of which were to be nominated by the Governor, and of an elective House of Representatives. The first session of the General Assembly was opened on the 27th May, , but the members of the Executive were not responsible to Parliament. The first Ministers under a system of Responsible Government were appointed on the 18th April, By the Act of the colony was divided into six provinces, each to be presided over by an elective Superintendent, and to have an elective Provincial Council, empowered to legislate, except on certain specified subjects.
The franchise amounted practically to household suffrage. In each case the election was for four years, but a dissolution of the Provincial Council by the Governor could take place at any time, necessitating a fresh election both of the Council and of the Superintendent. The Superintendent was chosen by the whole body of electors of the province; each member of the Provincial Council by the electors of a district. The Provincial Governments, after-wards increased to nine, remained as integral parts of the Constitution of the colony until the 1st November, , when they were abolished by an Act of the General Assembly, that body having been vested with the power of altering the Constitution Act.
On the same day an Act of the General Assembly which subdivided the colony exclusive of the areas included within municipalities into counties, and established a system of local county government, came into force. The Governor is appointed by the King. Members of the Legislative Council hold their seats under writs of summons from the Governor. Till the year the appointments were for life; but in September of that year an Act was passed making appointments after that time tenable for seven years only, though Councillors may be reappointed.
In either case seats may be vacated by resignation or extended absence. Two members of the Council are aboriginal native chiefs. The members of the House of Representatives are elected for three years from the time of each general election; but at any time a dissolution of Parliament by the Governor may render a general election necessary. Four of the members are representatives of Native constituencies. An Act was passed in which provided that, on the dissolution of the then General Assembly, the number of members to be thereafter elected to the House of Representatives should be seventy-four in all, of whom four were to be elected, under the provisions of the Maori Representation Acts, as representatives of Maori electors only.
For the purposes of European representation the colony is divided into sixty-two electoral districts, four of which—the Cities of Auckland, Wellington, Christ-church, and Dunedin—return each three members, and all the other electorates one each. In an amendment of the Representation Act was passed, which contained a provision prohibiting any elector from giving his vote in respect of more than one electorate at any election.
The qualification for registration is the same for both sexes. No person is entitled to be registered on more than one electoral roll within the colony. Women are not qualified to be elected as members of the House of Representatives. The electoral laws are the subject of special comment further on in this work. For European representation every adult person, if resident one year in the colony and three months in one electoral district, can be registered as an elector.
But the Amendment Act of abolished the property qualification except in case of existing registrations , and residence alone now entitles a man or woman to have his or her name placed upon an electoral roll. For Maori representation every adult Maori resident in any Maori electoral district of which there are four only in the colony can vote. Registration is not required in Native districts.
Up to the year the seat of Government of New Zealand was at Auckland. Several attempts were made by members of Parliament, by motions in the Legislative Council and House of Representatives, to have it removed to some more central place; but it was not until November, , that Mr. Domett the then ex-Premier was successful in carrying resolutions in the House of Representatives that steps should be taken for appointing some place in Cook Strait as the permanent seat of Government in the colony.
The resolutions adopted were :" 1. That it has become necessary that the seat of Government in the colony should be transferred to some suitable locality in Cook Strait.
That, in order to promote the accomplishment of this object, it is desirable that the selection of the particular site in Cook Strait should be left to the arbitrament of an impartial tribunal. That, with this view, a Bill should be introduced to give effect to the above resolutions. Accordingly, the Hon. Joseph Docker, M. Gunn, Esq. The seat of Government was, therefore, in accordance with the recommendation of the Commissioners, removed to Wellington in February, Nearly all the public works of New Zealand are in the hands of the Government of the colony, and in the early days they simply kept pace with the spread of settlement.
Railways, roads, and water-races were constructed, and immigration was conducted on a large scale. As a consequence, the population increased from , in to , in , and to , in December, , exclusive of Maoris. Captain William Hobson, R. Lieutenant Shortland, Administrator, from 10 Sept. Captain Robert Fitzroy, R. After the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act, Sir George Grey was, on the 13th September, , appointed Governor of the colony, the duties of which office he assumed on the 7th March, In August, , Mr.
The duties of the Lieutenant-Governor ceased on the-assumption by Sir George Grey of the office of Governor, on the 7th. March, Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, C. Sir George Grey, K. Sir George Ferguson Bowen, G. Sir James Fergusson, Baronet, P.
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