After having coasted round the North Island and the Middle and Stewart Islands—which last he mistook for part of the Middle Island—he took his departure from Cape Farewell on the 31st March, , for Australia. He visited New Zealand again in , in , and in A visit was soon after paid by another French officer, M. Marion du Fresne, who arrived on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand on the 24th March, , but was, on the 12th June following, treacherously murdered at the Bay of Islands by the Natives.
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There was after this an occasional intercourse between the islands of New Zealand and the English settlements in New South Wales. In the first missionaries arrived in New Zealand—Messrs. Hall and Kendall—who had been sent as forerunners by Mr. Marsden, chaplain to the New South Wales Government. After a short stay they returned to New South Wales, and on the 19th November of that year again embarked in company with Mr. Marsden, who preached his first sermon in New Zealand on Christmas Day, He returned to Sydney on the 23rd March, , leaving Messrs.
Hall and Kendall, who formed the first mission station at Rangihoua, Bay of Islands, under the auspices of the Church Missionary Society. Six years later, in , the work of evangelization was put on a more durable basis; but the first station of the Wesleyan mission, established by Mr. Leigh and his wife, at the valley of the Kaeo, Whangaroa, was not taken possession of until the 10th June, The first attempt at colonisation was made in by a company formed in London. An expedition was sent out under the command of Captain Herd, who bought two islands in the Hauraki Gulf and a strip of land at Hokianga.
The attempt, however, was a failure, owing to the savage character of the inhabitants. In consequence of frequent visits of whaling-vessels to the Bay of Islands, a settlement grew up at Kororareka—now called Russell—and in Mr. Busby was appointed British Resident there. A number of Europeans—generally men of low character—gradually settled in different parts of the country, and married Native women. In a colonisation company, known as the New Zealand Company, was formed to establish settlement on systematic principles.
A preliminary expedition, under the command of Colonel William Wakefield, was despatched from England on the 12th May, , and arrived in New Zealand in the following August. Having purchased land from the Natives, Colonel Wakefield selected the shore of Port Nicholson, in Cook Strait, as the site of the first settlement. On the 22nd January, , the first body of immigrants arrived, and founded the town of Wellington. About the same time—namely, on the 29th January, —Captain Hobson, R. New Zealand was then constituted a dependency of the Colony of New South Wales, but on the 3rd May, , was proclaimed a separate colony.
The seat of Government had been previously established at Waitemata Auckland , round which a settlement was formed. The spot chosen was the head of Blind Bay, where a settlement was established. About the same time a number of pioneers arrived in Taranaki, despatched thither by the New Plymouth Company, a colonising society which had been formed in England, and had bought 50, acres of land from the New Zealand Company.
The next important event in the progress of colonisation was the arrival at Port Chalmers, on the 23rd March, , of the first of two emigrant ships sent out by the Otago Association for the foundation of a settlement by persons belonging to or in sympathy with the Free Church of Scotland. On the 16th December, , the first emigrant ship despatched by the association arrived at Port Cooper, and the work of opening up the adjoining country was set about in a systematic fashion, the intention of the promoters being to establish a settlement complete in itself, and composed entirely of members of the then United Church of England and Ireland.
Prior to the colonisation of New Zealand by Europeans, the earliest navigators and explorers found a race of people already inhabiting both islands.
Papers written in by Mr. Nor is there anything on record respecting the origin of the Maori people themselves, beyond the general tradition of the Polynesian race, which seems to show a series of successive migrations from west to east, probably by way of Malaysia to the Pacific. Little more can now be gathered from their traditions than that they were immigrants, and that they probably found inhabitants on the east coast of the North Island belonging to the same race as themselves—the descendants of a prior migration, whose history is lost.
The tradition runs that, generations ago, the Maoris dwelt in a country named Hawaiki, and that one of their chiefs, after a long voyage, reached the northern island of New Zealand. Returning to his home with a flattering description of the country he had discovered, this chief, it is said, persuaded a number of his kinsfolk and friends, who were much harassed by war, to set out with a fleet of double canoes for the new land.
The names of most of the canoes are still remembered, and each tribe agrees in its account of the doings of the people of the principal canoes after their arrival in New Zealand; and from these traditional accounts the descent of the numerous tribes has been traced. Calculations, based on the genealogical staves kept by the tohungas , or priests, and on the well-authenticated traditions of the people, indicate that about twenty-one generations have passed since the migration, which may therefore be assumed to have taken place about five hundred and twenty-five years ago.
The position of the legendary Hawaiki is unknown, but many places in the South Seas have been thus named in memory of the motherland. The Maoris speak a very pure dialect of the Polynesian language, the common tongue, with more or less variation, in all the Eastern Pacific Islands. When Captain Cook first visited New Zealand he availed himself of the services of a native from Tahiti, whose speech was easily understood by the Maoris.
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In this way much information respecting the early history of the country and its inhabitants was obtained which could not have otherwise been had. For results of recent researches as to probable origin and present numbers of the Maoris, see Section III. These limits excluded small portions of the extreme north of the North Island and of the extreme south of Stewart Island. By Proclamation bearing date the 21st July, , the Kermadec Islands, lying between the 29th and 32nd degrees of south latitude and the th and th degrees of west longitude, were declared to be annexed to and to become part of the Colony of New Zealand.
The following now constitute the Colony of New Zealand:—.
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The island commonly known as the North Island, with its adjacent islets, having an aggregate area of 44, square miles, or 28,, acres. The island known as the Middle Island, with adjacent islets, having an aggregate area of 58, square miles, or 37,, acres. Stewart Island, and adjacent islets, having an area of square miles, or , acres. The Chatham Islands, situate miles eastward of Lyttelton in the Middle Island, with an area of square miles, or , acres.
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The Auckland Islands, about miles south of Stewart Island, extending about 30 miles from north to south, and nearly 15 from east to west, the area being , acres. These are detached rocky islands, and extend over a distance of between 4 and 5 miles from north to south. Area, 12, acres. The Bounty Islands, a small group of islets, thirteen in number, lying north of the Antipodes Islands, and about miles in an east-south-easterly direction from Port Chalmers.
Area, 3, acres. The Kermadec Islands, a group lying about miles to the north-east of Russell, in the Bay of Islands. Raoul or Sunday Island, the largest of these, is about 20 miles in circuit. The next in size is Macaulay Island, about 3 miles round. Area of the group, 8, acres. The total area of the colony is thus about , square miles, of which the aggregate area of the outlying groups of islands that are practically useless for settlement amounts to about square miles.
He acts as Government Agent for the colony in all matters of trade. His salary is paid by this colony. He succeeded Mr. Frederick J. Moss, who was the first Resident appointed. The areas of the several Australian Colonies, as given by different authorities, vary considerably. The total area of the Australian Continent is given as 2,, square miles, according to a computation made by the late Surveyor-General of Victoria, Mr.
Skene, from a map of Continental Australia compiled and engraved under his direction; but the following areas are taken from the latest official records of each colony:—. The size of these colonies may be better realised by comparison of their areas with those of European countries. If the area of Russia in Europe be added to those of the other countries the total would be about one-seventh larger than the Australian Continent, and about one-twelfth larger than the Australasian Colonies, including New Zealand.
The North Island extends over a little more than seven degrees of latitude—a distance in a direct line from north to south of geographical or statute miles; but, as the northern portion of the colony, which covers more than three degrees of latitude, trends to the westward, the distance in a straight line from the North Cape to Cape Palliser, the extreme northerly and southerly points of the island, is about statute miles. This island is, as a whole, hilly, and, in parts, mountainous in character, but there are large areas of plain or comparatively level country that are, or by clearing may be made, available for agricultural purposes.
Of these, the principal are the plains in Hawke's Bay on the East Coast, the Wairarapa Plain in the Wellington District, and a strip of country along the West Coast, about miles in length, extending from a point about thirty miles from the City of Wellington to a little north of New Plymouth. The largest plain in the North Island, Kaingaroa, extends from the shore of Lake Taupo in a north-north-easterly direction to the sea-coast in the Bay of Plenty; but a great part of it is covered with pumicesand, and is unfitted for tillage or pasture.
There are several smaller plains and numerous valleys suitable for agriculture. The level or undulating country in this island fit, or capable of being made fit, for agriculture has been roughly estimated at 13,, acres.
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This includes lands now covered with standing forest, and swamps that can be drained; also large areas of clay-marl and pumice-covered land. The clay-marl in its natural state is cold and uninviting to the farmer, but under proper drainage and cultivation it can be brought to a high state of productiveness. This kind of land is generally neglected at the present time, as settlers prefer soils more rapidly remunerative and less costly to work.
The larger portion of the North Island was originally covered with forest. Although the area of bush-land is still very great, yet year by year the amount is being reduced, chiefly to meet the requirements of settlement, the trees being cut down and burnt, and grass-seed sown on the ashes to create pasture.
Hilly as the country is, yet from the nature of the climate it is especially suited for the growth of English grasses, which will flourish wherever there is any soil, however steep the land may be; once laid down in grass very little of the land is too poor to supply food for cattle and sheep. The area of land in the North Island deemed purely pastoral or capable of being made so, while too steep for agricultural purposes, is estimated at 14,, acres.
In the centre of the island is a lake, about twenty miles across either way, called Taupo. A large area adjacent to the lake is at present worthless pumice-country. The Waikato River, the largest in the North Island, flows out of its north-eastern corner, and runs thence northwestward until it enters the ocean a little distance south of the Manukau Harbour. This river is navigable for small steamers for about a hundred miles from its mouth.
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The Maori King-country, occupied by Natives who for several years isolated themselves from Europeans, lies between Lake Taupo and the western coast. It is navigable for about fifty miles, but only for small steamers. The other navigable rivers in this island are the Wairoa Kaipara , the Wanganui, and the Manawatu, the two last of which flow towards the south-west into Cook Strait. The mountains in the North Island are estimated to occupy about one-tenth of the surface, and do not exceed 4,ft. Of these, the three following are the most important:—.
The Tongariro Mountain, situated to the southward of Lake Taupo.