Auckland forms New Zealand's largest urban area. The Auckland urban area lies within the Auckland Region , an administrative region that takes its name from the city. The region encompasses the city centre, as well as suburbs, surrounding towns, nearshore islands, and rural areas north and south of the urban area. The Auckland central business district CBD —the city centre—is the most built-up area of the region.
The outermost suburbs are Orewa in the north, Papakura in the south, Henderson in the west and Howick in the east. Beyond these suburbs lie the towns of Wellsford , Warkworth and Helensville to the north, and Clevedon , Pukekohe and Waiuku to the south.
Auckland lies on and around an isthmus , less than two kilometres wide at its narrowest point, between Mangere Inlet and the Tamaki River. In earlier times, portage paths crossed the narrowest sections of the isthmus. Several islands of the Hauraki Gulf are administered as part of the Auckland Region, though they are not part of the Auckland urban area. Parts of Waiheke Island effectively function as Auckland suburbs, while various smaller islands near Auckland are mostly zoned 'recreational open space' or are nature sanctuaries. The average daily maximum temperature is The absolute maximum recorded temperature is At that time, generally, a solemn stillness holds, and a perfect calm prevails Auckland occasionally suffers from air pollution due to fine particle emissions.
Auckland straddles a volcanic field, which has produced about 90 volcanic eruptions from 50 volcanoes in the last 90, years. It is estimated that the field will stay active for about one million years. Surface features include cones, lakes, lagoons, islands and depressions, and several have produced extensive lava flows. Some of the cones and flows have been partly or completely quarried away. The individual volcanoes are all considered extinct, although the volcanic field itself is merely dormant. The trend is for the latest eruptions to occur in the northwest of the field. Auckland has at least 14 large lava tubes which run from the volcanoes down towards the sea.
Some are several kilometres long.
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Auckland's volcanoes are fuelled entirely by basaltic magma , unlike the explosive subduction -driven volcanism in the central North Island, such as at Mount Ruapehu and Lake Taupo which are of tectonic origin. Because of its rich acidic soil and the type of flora growing out of the rocky soil, only a few birds and insects inhabit the island. The Auckland urban area has a population of 1,, people according to Statistics New Zealand's June estimate, which is Many ethnic groups from all corners of the world have a presence in Auckland, making it by far the country's most cosmopolitan city.
Auckland has the largest ethnic Polynesian population of any city in the world. New Zealand Europeans are the majority at Other significant ethnic groups present in Auckland include Chinese 8. In total, Auckland's population is predominantly of European origin, though the proportion of those of Asian or other non-European origins has increased in recent decades due to immigration [52] and the removal of restrictions directly or indirectly based on race. Immigration to New Zealand is heavily concentrated towards Auckland partly for job market reasons. This strong focus on Auckland has led the immigration services to award extra points towards immigration visa requirements for people intending to move to other parts of New Zealand.
At the Census, Around Roman Catholicism is the largest Christian denomination with Recent immigration from Asia has added to the religious diversity of the city, increasing the number of people affiliating with Buddhism , Hinduism , Islam and Sikhism , although there are no figures on religious attendance. Auckland is experiencing substantial population growth via natural population increases one-third of growth and immigration two-thirds , [59] and is set to grow to an estimated 1.
This substantial increase in population will have a major impact on transport, housing and other infrastructure that are, particularly in the case of housing, already considered under pressure. The high-variant scenario shows the region's population growing to over two million by In July , Auckland Council released, as the outcome of a three-year study and public hearings, its Unitary Plan for Auckland. The plan aims to free up to 30 percent more land for housing and allows for greater intensification of the existing urban area, creating , new dwellings in the next 30 years.
Auckland's lifestyle is influenced by the fact that while it is 70 percent rural in land area, 90 percent of Aucklanders live in urban areas [64] — though large parts of these areas have a more suburban character than many cities in Europe and Asia. Positive aspects of Auckland life are its mild climate, plentiful employment and educational opportunities, as well as numerous leisure facilities.
Meanwhile, traffic problems, the lack of good public transport, and increasing housing costs have been cited by many Aucklanders as among the strongest negative factors of living there, [65] together with crime. One of Auckland's nicknames, the "City of Sails", is derived from the popularity of sailing in the region.
On the eastern coastline of the North Shore, where the Rangitoto Channel divides the inner Hauraki Gulf islands from the mainland, there are popular swimming beaches at Cheltenham and Narrow Neck in Devonport , Takapuna , Milford , and the various beaches further north in the area known as East Coast Bays.
The Whangaparaoa Peninsula , Orewa , Omaha and Pakiri , to the north of the main urban area, are also nearby. A number of shopping centres are located in the middle- and outer-suburbs, with Westfield Newmarket , Sylvia Park , Botany Town Centre and Westfield Albany being the largest. The Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra is the city and region's resident full-time symphony orchestra, performing its own series of concerts and accompanying opera and ballet.
Events celebrating the city's cultural diversity include the Pasifika Festival , Polyfest, and the Auckland Lantern Festival , all of which are the largest of their kind in New Zealand.
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The Auckland Art Gallery is the largest stand-alone gallery in New Zealand with a collection of over 15, artworks, including prominent New Zealand and Pacific Island artists, as well as international painting, sculpture and print collections ranging in date from to the present day. This is the largest gift ever made to an art museum in Australasia. While most volcanic cones in the Auckland volcanic field have been affected by quarrying, many of the remaining cones are now within parks, and retain a more natural character than the surrounding city.
The Auckland Botanic Gardens are further south, in Manurewa. Rugby union , cricket , rugby league , association football soccer and netball are widely played and followed. Auckland has a considerable number of rugby union and cricket grounds, and venues for association football, netball, rugby league, basketball, hockey, ice hockey, motorsports, tennis, badminton, swimming, rowing, golf and many other sports.
There are also three racecourses within the city - Ellerslie and Avondale for thoroughbred racing, and Alexandra Park for harness racing. A fourth racecourse is located at Pukekohe , straddling the boundary between Auckland and the neighbouring Waikato Region.
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Greyhound racing is held at Manukau Stadium. Sporting teams based in Auckland who compete in national or trans-national competitions are as follows:. Major events previously held in Auckland include the British Empire Games and the Commonwealth Games in , [20] and a number of matches including the semi-finals and the final of the Rugby World Cup and Rugby World Cup. The World Masters Games were held at a number of venues around Auckland. Auckland comprises a diversity of architectural styles owing to its early beginnings as a settlement, to the Victorian era right through to the contemporary era of the late 20th century.
The city has legislation in effect to protect the remaining heritage, with the key piece of legislation being the Resource Management Act of Auckland is the major economic and financial centre of New Zealand. It has an advanced market economy with strengths in finance, commerce, and tourism.
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Most major international corporations have an Auckland office; the most expensive office space is around lower Queen Street and the Viaduct Basin in the Auckland CBD , where many financial and business services are located, which make up a large percentage of the CBD economy. According to the census, the primary employment industries of Auckland residents are professional, scientific and technical services Traditionally, the most common residence of Aucklanders was a standalone dwelling on a ' quarter acre ' 1, m 2. Auckland's housing stock has become more diverse in recent decades, with many more apartments being built since the s — particularly since the s in the CBD.
Auckland's housing is amongst the least affordable in the world, based on comparing average house prices with average household income levels [85] [86] and house prices have grown well above the rate of inflation in recent decades. In some areas, the Victorian villas have been torn down to make way for redevelopment.
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The demolition of the older houses is being combated through increased heritage protection for older parts of the city. In the lead-up to , a housing crisis began in Auckland with the market not being able to sustain the demand for affordable homes. The Housing Accords and Special Housing Areas Act mandated that a minimum of 10 percent of new builds in certain housing areas be subsidised to make them affordable for buyers who had incomes on par with the national average.
The Auckland Council is the local authority with jurisdiction over the city of Auckland, along with surrounding rural areas, parkland, and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf. From to , Auckland was governed by several city and district councils, with regional oversight by Auckland Regional Council. In the late s, New Zealand's central government and parts of Auckland's society felt that this large number of councils, and the lack of strong regional government with the Auckland Regional Council having only limited powers , were hindering Auckland's progress.
A Royal Commission on Auckland Governance was set up in , [93] [94] and in it recommended a unified local governance structure for Auckland by amalgamating the councils. He was re-elected for a second term in October Brown did not stand for re-election in the mayoral election , and was succeeded by successful candidate Phil Goff in October Between and , Auckland was the capital city of New Zealand.
The capital was moved to the more centrally located Wellington in The administrative offices of the Government of the Pitcairn Islands is situated in Auckland. The majority are state schools, but 63 schools are state-integrated and 39 are private.
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The city is home to some of the largest schools in terms of students in New Zealand, including Mt Albert Grammar School , the second largest school in New Zealand with a student population of , [] and Rangitoto College in the East Coast Bays area, the largest school in New Zealand with students as of March Auckland has a number of important educational institutions, including some of the largest universities in the country.
Auckland is a major centre of overseas language education, with large numbers of foreign students particularly East Asians coming to the city for several months or years to learn English or study at universities — although numbers New Zealand-wide have dropped substantially since peaking in The State Highway network connects the different parts of Auckland, with State Highway 1 being the major north—south thoroughfare through the city including both the Northern and Southern Motorways and the main connection to the adjoining regions of Northland and Waikato.
State Highway 22 is a non-motorway rural arterial connecting Pukekohe to the Southern Motorway at Drury. The Auckland Harbour Bridge , opened in , is the main connection between the North Shore and the rest of the Auckland region. The Central Motorway Junction , also called 'Spaghetti Junction' for its complexity, is the intersection between the two major motorways of Auckland State Highway 1 and State Highway Two of the longest arterial roads within the Auckland Region are Great North Road and Great South Road — the main connections in those directions before the construction of the State Highway network.
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Auckland has four railway lines Western , Onehunga , Eastern and Southern. These lines serve the western, southern and eastern parts of Auckland from the Britomart Transport Centre in downtown Auckland, the terminal station for all lines, where connections are also available to ferry and bus services.
Work began in late to provide more route flexibility and connect Britomart more directly to western suburbs on the Western Line via an underground rail tunnel known as the City Rail Link project.
A light rail network is also planned. Private vehicles are the main form of transportation within Auckland, with around seven percent of journeys in the Auckland region undertaken by bus in , [] and two percent undertaken by train and ferry. Bus services in Auckland are mostly radial, with few cross-town routes. Late-night services i. A major overhaul of Auckland's bus services was implemented during —18, significantly expanding the reach of "frequent" bus services: those that operate at least every 15 minutes during the day and early evening, every day of the week.
Rail services operate along four lines between the CBD and the west, south and south-east of Auckland, with longer-distance trains operating to Wellington only a few times each week. Auckland's ports are the second largest of the country, behind the Port of Tauranga , [] and a large part of both inbound and outbound New Zealand commerce travels through them, mostly via the facilities northeast of Auckland CBD.
Freight usually arrives at or is distributed from the port via road, though the port facilities also have rail access.