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Stratification of moahunter below classic Maori has been noted at Kaikai's Beach. Blake-Palmer added an interesting footnote to Mr. Lockerbie's demonstration of the human associations of Dinornis in South Otago. In a much eroded midden near Seacliff, together with fish-bones, a seal-bone, shell and a long bone of Emeus crassus, Dr.

Blake-Palmer recovered part of a pelvis of Dinornis? If the identification is sustained this will be the most northerly occurrence of Dinornis in cultural associations yet noted. The picture in the North Island described by MR. Up to the present field work has revealed no stratified site of long occupancy similar to Papatowai and Pounawea in South Otago.


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The absence of middens with prolific moa remains makes the discovery of sites of the early period more difficult than in the South Island. The moahunter catalogue of distinctive adze, ornament and fishing types is, however, abundantly represented in North Island collections and distribution maps of moahunter adzes show a concentration of early settlement in the region of the Hauraki Gulf and the Coromandel Peninsula and at other places along the coast.

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Some of the material bears a striking similarity to the type material from Wairau and in a small area of the Coromandel Peninsula near Mercury Bay there is a concentration of types virtually duplicating the Wairau assemblage. The archaeological material that can plausibly be attributed to the later period of the North Island culture sequence is abundant and regionally diversified. However, no assemblage has been defined at a single site, nor has any considerable amount of typological study been devoted to it.

Nevertheless the differences between the earlier, archaeologically defined, moahunter and the late, compositely reconstructed, Maori culture are sufficiently obvious for some attempt to be made to supply an explanation. For many historically documented aspects of Maori culture we have indeed no corresponding evidence for the early period.

The valid and useful range for comparison between the early and the late periods in New Zealand prehistory is limited therefore by the extent and character of our knowledge of the former. At present comparisons are possible in terms of adzes, ornaments and fishing gear and most satisfactory in the case of adzes where the material is abundant and the typological definition clear. The key question in New Zealand culture history is whether the differences between moahunter and Maori are the result of spontaneously generated culture change within New Zealand itself or whether they were - sparked off by influence from overseas.

Maori traditions supply the occasions when such outside influence might have arrived: from central Polynesia in the centuries preceding and culminating in the Fleet, or, more suspectly, from Melanesia with the Maruiwi. The archaeological evidence, scanty though it is, would appear to support neither of these explanations. Archaeologically New Zealand Maori culture bears little resemblance to the elaboration of the basic east Polynesian pattern of culture made in Tahiti and the Cooks, while the theory once held that Melanesian influence was responsible for the distinctive and allegedly non-Polynesian characteristics of later Maori culture, particularly in adzes and art styles, has not been upheld by later research.

Golson's point was that a case could be made for deriving Maori culture wholly from the culture of the moahunters with adaptation and isolation in the New Zealand environment the basic factors in change. Since in the present state of knowledge the approach to the problem of culture change must be primarily typological the main purpose of the paper was to present a number of evolutionary sequences of North Island adzes.

These sequences were, Mr. Golson said, simply manipulations of artefacts within the limits established by our knowledge of the earliest and the latest forms. Since, however, we can be sure that the critical middle period is represented, though archaeologically unrecognised, in museum collections, the number of possible manipulations is not endless, though the validations of the sequences traced must await the data of excavation. If we limit our enquiries to the Auckland Province the evidence discloses a variety of adze types of the moahunter period, having in common the hollow back and modification of the butt to facilitate lashing, and for the late period the two tangless quadrangular types distinguished by Fisher at Oruarangi and representative the one of the North Auckland region, the other of the Waikato.

Adzes exist in North Auckland, close to moahunter adzes in proportion, which illustrate the loss of the hollow back and the disappearance of the tang. In the area south of Auckland City a particular clear typological evolution can be traced from a locally predominant moahunter 1a form with hollow back and flake reduced butt to the typical late Waikato tangless adze 2b where the hollow back is often not altogether lost and the proportions of the prototype are maintained. The distribution of this Waikato adze, though centred on the lower Waikato itself, extends to the Hauraki Plains, the Bay of Plenty and the King Country.

The evidence on which this hypothesis of an indigenous origin for Maori culture rests is at present slender. Whether the explanation offered is correct or not, however, the statement of the problem suggests the methods for its own solution:. In the discussion of Mr. Golson's paper Dr. Skinner and Dr. Duff stressed that the most important single factor in the modification of east Polynesian adze types in New Zealand and the standardisation of the later Maori adze was the predominance of coarse over fine grained rocks, particularly in the North Island of New Zealand.

Lockerbie's South Otago moahunters. Professor Coombs introduced his paper with a brief description of the geological map of New Zealand, differentiating four main types and periods of formation.

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In connection with these localisations we must remember that rock types can be widely distributed by river action and the like. From a petrological point of view identifications on the basis of hand specimens are unreliable and sectioning of the rock is necessary. With these considerations in mind Professor Coombs then analysed the stone material recovered by Mr. Lockerbie on the Pounawea moahunter site. Porcellanite from Moeraki has been found by Trotter in a moahunter level at Waimataitai.

The interesting thing to note in this wide exploitation of regionally available rocks by the Pounawea moahunters is the complete absence of greywacke of the Alpine facies.

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In a short paper following on Professor Coombs' contribution, MR. Localities in New Zealand from which obsidian may have been derived are extremely limited. The main source of supply was undoubtedly Mayor Island but small inland deposits at Rotorua and Lake Taupo may have been worked. In any case the wide distribution of obsidian on prehistoric sites in New Zealand, from the very earliest period of settlement to the very latest, indicates that the material was discovered and its quality appreciated at an early date, and that successful arrangements were made for a continuing supply as settlement spread further afield.

It is, however, essential to note the distinction between obsidian and pitchstone, which resembles it closely except that it lacks obsidian's characteristic glassy appearance. Pitchstone occasionally turns up on prehistoric sites. Though perhaps never available in large quantities, it occurs in the South Island, on Banks Peninsula and Mt. Archaeological and traditional evidence tells us of the uses to which obsidian was put. Flakes could be struck from the parent core and used immediately for cutting fish and other meat, cutting hair and lacerating the flesh in grief.

Thus many obsidian flakes are irregular in shape and show no signs of secondary work. Other examples, however, have been definitely retouched into scrapers, saws, and the so-called mata or blubber cutter. This last type, fairly well known in the South Island in a variety of materials, Mr. Phillipps illustrated with three obsidian examples from the North Island, where the type had not apparently been previously recorded. Reports on local fieldwork were given by MR. ADKIN stated that the need in New Zealand archaeology is to replace culture area studies which ignore the time aspect, with what might be termed the culture layer approach.

His own work in Horowhenua had provided decisive evidence of three successive waves of settlement in prehistoric New Zealand. Since the first two of these groups were hunters of the moa, the use of moahunter as a cultural term would appear to Mr. Adkin to be misleading and a bar to future research. In its place he would propose the following sequence:.

The evidence for this sequence was to be found in the cultural deposits on the Horowhenua dune belts, interpreted in the light of geological considerations. The west Wellington coast was an area of coastal progradation, intensified by orogenic uplift. Measurements at a standard section selected for study had shown a shoreline advance of 20 yards in 30 years, an average of 2 feet per year.

There were middens on the Horowhenua sand dunes which had produced hog-backed adzes, one-piece fish hooks, stone shanks and bone points, chevroned pendants, and serial notching as decoration on stone artefacts. These are distinctive of the Waitaha complex. The latest dunes on which they occur are, at the standard section, 25 chains inland, the earliest 65 chains. Translated into years on the assumption that shoreline advance has been constant at 2 feet per annum, this would date the beginning of the Waitaha period at B. Adkin could see no reason on geological grounds for assuming much variation in the rate of progradation.

At latest the beginning of Waitaha settlement would be the first century B. The type of geochronological approach to archaeology exemplified by Mr. Adkin's work in Horowhenua is extremely valuable, and Mr. Adkin's demonstration of the association of early cultural finds in Horowhenua with the inner dunes of a multiple dune series has stimulated similar discoveries elsewhere in New Zealand. The dates he derives from his Horowhenua data, however, run so much counter to the orthodox chronology that his evidence warrants very careful consideration and criticism.

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Criticism was indeed advanced during discussion of Mr. Adkin's paper both on geological and archaeological grounds. Speakers stressed:. In answer, Mr. Adkin claimed that middens would generally accumulate in the lee of the dunes forming the shoreline at the time of settlement and would not be deposited haphazardly to a considerable depth behind. The Horowhenua evidence is obviously of sufficient importance for some attempt to be made to collect samples for radio carbon dating from Mr.

Adkin's midden series, even though recent dune movement in the area has obscured the original standard section. Following Mr. Adkin, MR. The west Wellington coast and western Wellington harbour have been quite well worked over by an earlier generation of field workers amongst whom Christie, McLeod, Best, and Beckett are the most important. The published information is small but there are some notes in manuscript and the Beckett and Christie collections are deposited in the Dominion Museum.

Virtually no previous work has been done, however, on eastern Wellington harbour and the stretch of the south coast extending to Palliser Bay where Mr. Adkin has worked.

Data for this area is supplied by Mr. Palmer's own explorations.