Between and , she was annually awarded the Duffus Lubecki Scholarship, which allowed her to continue her scientific research. In she moved to Wellington to work for the botany division of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. During World War II she was instrumental in a project involving the extraction of agar from seaweed, in order to grow cultures for bacteria. Her research after the war focussed on tussock-lands and in she transferred to the botany division of the DSIR at Lincoln, working there until her retirement in Her published papers include works on marine and terrestrial ecology; the taxonomy of flowering plants; seaweeds and barnacles; plant geography; flower biology; carpology; and the history of New Zealand botany.
A distinguished academic and keen botanical explorer, Moore held a Doctorate of Science from Canterbury University and was also the recipient of an MBE. Early botanist, Lucy Moore. Canwell, born in and educated at Epsom Girls Grammar, enrolled at the University of Auckland in and graduated in Here, searching for pine plants on the summit, they found the carved prow and stern piece of a Maori canoe, which they transported back to Auckland. This was the first of many adventures the two were to have together.
They made a number of arduous field trips into remote parts of the country collecting information on New Zealand native plants. Following graduation, Cranwell became the Auckland Museum's first botanist and instituted the annual Native Flower Show, which led later to the formation of the Auckland Botanical Society. She has received seven local and international awards for her work in palynology the study of living and fossil pollen grains and plant spores and has had a number of plants named after her. In particular, Cranwell's specialised work on pollen has received international attention.
She has lived in the United States for the past 49 years and is well-established as a prominent botanist and palynologist. In Cranwell received an honorary doctorate from the University of Auckland. One uniform time is kept throughout mainland New Zealand. One hour of daylight saving, named New Zealand Daylight Time, which is 13 hours ahead of Co-ordinated Universal Time, is observed from 2 a.
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Time kept in the Chatham Islands is 45 minutes ahead of that kept in New Zealand. New Zealand Atlas. Ward, I. Government Printer, The New Zealand Map Collection. Department of Survey and Land Information. Gage, M. Whitcoulls, Lillie, A. Strata and Structure in New Zealand. Tohunga Press, Riddolls, P. Searle, E. City of Volcanoes. Longman Paul, Smith, I. Late Cenozoic Volcanism in New Zealand.
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Bulletin 23, Royal Society of New Zealand, Soons, J. Landforms of New Zealand. Speden, I. Illustrations of New Zealand Fossils. Stevens, G.
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Reed, Rugged Landscape. Suggate, R. The Geology of New Zealand. Thornton, J. Field Guide to New Zealand Geology. Reed Methuen, Williams, G. Economic Geology of New Zealand. An Encyclopedia of New Zealand. McLintock, A.
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Johnson, K. New Zealand Meteorological Service, Climate Observations and Rainfall Observations. Enting, B. The Ancient Islands. Port Nicholson Press, Kuschel, G.
Bio-geography and Ecology in New Zealand. Junk, Salmon, J.
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The Native Trees of New Zealand. DSIR, New Zealand's constitutional history can be traced back to when by the Treaty of Waitangi the Maori people exchanged their sovereignty for the guarantees of the treaty and New Zealand became a British colony. New Zealand is an independent state; a monarchy with a parliamentary government. A constitution is concerned with the establishment and composition of the legislative, executive, and judicial organs of government, their powers and duties, and the relationship between these organs.
New Zealand's Constitution Act brings together in one Act the most important statutory constitutional provisions and clarifies the rules relating to the governmental handover of power. The Act deals with the principal components of New Zealand's statutory constitutional provisions: the Sovereign, the Executive, the legislature and the judiciary.
The Governor-General is the representative of the Sovereign in New Zealand and exercises the royal powers derived from statute and the general law prerogative powers. The powers of the Governor-General are set out in the Letters Patent , and it is for the courts to decide on the limits of these powers. The Governor-General's main constitutional function is to arrange for the leader of the majority party in Parliament to form a government. Almost all the powers of the Governor-General are now statutory. The Crown is part of Parliament and the Governor-General's assent is required before bills can become law.
The Governor-General is required, however, by constitutional convention and the Letters Patent, to follow the advice of ministers. In extraordinary circumstances the Governor-General can reject advice if he or she believes that a government is intending to act unconstitutionally. This is known as the reserve power. The Sovereign appoints the Governor-General on the Prime Minister's recommendation, normally for a term of five years. Table 2. Catherine Maclean was born in Auckland in to Scottish parents, who emigrated to New Zealand in the s.
Her father was a marine engineer employed by the New Zealand Co-operative Dairy Company, latterly in Waharoa in the Waikato, where Maclean grew up an only child. One son and three daughters followed; the youngest, Judith, becoming the Labour MP for Panmure in From to Tizard tutored in zoology at Auckland University, completing her Bachelor of Arts in After her husband put forward her name as a candidate in the municipal elections she began her career in local body politics, and for 12 years balanced family obligations with teaching and council responsibilities.
In , the same year her marriage was dissolved, Tizard was elected Auckland's mayor, the first woman to hold this position. Her time in office saw both the building of Auckland's Aotea Centre and the staging of the Auckland Commonwealth Games. Re-elected as Auckland's mayor for a further two terms, Tizard was three months into her third term when she was invited to become Governor-General in December In addition to carrying out the Governor-General's vice-regal obligations and patronages, Tizard has always been a strong supporter of community, charitable, educational and women's causes.
She received an honorary Doctorate in Law from the University of Auckland in She is the fourth female Governor-General appointed in the Commonwealth. A feature of New Zealand's constitution is that, although it is a monarchy in form, it operates democratically because of a long political tradition of parliamentary government and a network of constitutional principles. The Government cannot act effectively without Parliament, because it cannot raise or spend money without parliamentary approval, and for most categories of expenditure this approval takes the form of an annual vote of funds to the Government.
Parliament therefore has to be assembled regularly and has the opportunity to hold the Government to account.
Under the two-party system, however, the Government effectively controls proceedings in Parliament and cases of Government members voting with the Opposition are uncommon. On 5 February the Treaty of Waitangi was presented to the assembly of northern Maori chiefs of Waitangi.
The following morning 45 chiefs signed the document.